Calvin L. Davis

Rank: Corporal, U.S. Army Air Force

Serial: 6891416

Unit: 4th Chemical Aviation Company

Entered service from: New Jersey

Died: December 17, 1942

Memorialized: War Memorial, Haddon Heights, New Jersey

Corporal Calvin L. Davis was born in 1911 in Pennsylvania. By 1930 his father had passed away, and he was living with his sister Esther L. and her husband Thomas J. Porter at 206 Crest Avenue in Haddon Heights, New Jersey. At the time of the 1930 census he gave his occupation as salesman in a grocery store.

Calvin Davis had enlisted in the Army prior to July of 1940. A member of the 4th Chemical Aviation Company, he was sent to the Philippines when General Douglas MacArthur argued with Washington that he could successfully defend the islands. MacArthur thought War Plan Orange was too conservative, and believed he could actively defend the Philippines by giving the Japanese a very costly war. He told General George C. Marshall and President Franklin D. Roosevelt that he needed two tank battalions, an anti-aircraft regiment, a bomb group of B-24 light bombers, and two chemical warfare units. The chemical units that were sent were the 4th and 7th Chemical Aviation Companies. These companies never had the chance to do their job as chemical warfare units — almost immediately, they were used to replenish and strengthen the 31st Infantry Regiment, so they were a chemical unit in name only, serving as infantry.

Corporal Davis was taken prisoner when the Philippines fell to Japan in the spring of 1942. He died of disease at Camp O’Donnell on December 17, 1942. Camp O’Donnell was shut down as a POW camp on June 6, 1942, but between 50 and 200 men were kept there as a work detail through September 1943, when it was finally shut down for good. Calvin L. Davis is memorialized on the War Memorial at Haddon Heights, New Jersey.

1. On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The American Pacific Naval Fleet suffered heavy losses in lives and ships. The Fleet was incapacitated and could not, in that state, defend American interest in the Pacific Rim and in Asia.

2. Only eight hours later, on Dec. 8, 1941 (due to the difference in time zones), Japan launched an aerial attack on the Philippines. Most of the American Air Force in the Philippines was destroyed while the planes were on the ground.

3. A few days later, Japanese forces, led by Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma, landed on the Philippines. The Japanese landings were in Northern Luzon and in the Southern Mindanao Islands.

4. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the Filipino-American forces, decided to meet the Japanese at their points of landing. This course of action deviated from the original War Plan, devised prior to WW II, which called for the American forces to withdraw into the Bataan Peninsula in case of attack.

5. Inexperienced troops failed to stop the Japanese at these points of landing. MacArthur had to revert back to the original plan, withdrawing the Filipino-American forces into the Bataan Peninsula. By January 2, 1942, the Northern Luzon forces were in place for the defense of Bataan.

6. Their mission, in the baseball vernacular, was to “lay down a bunt.” They were to stall the Japanese advancement, by forcing them to use much of their troops and resources in the capturing of the Philippines, for as long as possible. This would buy the necessary time needed to rebuild the American Pacific Fleet, which at the time had been crippled by the Pearl Harbor attack and the bombing of the American Air Bases in the Philippines.

7. The Filipino-American Defense of Bataan was hampered by many factors: a shortage of food, ammunition, medicine, and attendant materials; most of the ammunition was old and corroded, with AA shells lacking proper fuses; tanks, trucks, and other vehicles were in short supply, as was the gasoline needed to power them; and poorly trained Filipino troops, most of whom never fired a weapon, were thrown into frontline combat against highly trained Japanese veterans. Americans from non-combatant outfits — such as air corpsmen and, in some instances, even civilians — were formed into provisional infantry units.

8. The Defenders of Bataan continued to hold their ground, without reinforcements and without being re-supplied. Disease, malnutrition, fatigue, and a lack of basic supplies took their toll.

9. On March 11, 1942, Gen. MacArthur was ordered to Australia. Gen. Wainwright took his place in Corregidor as Commander of the Philippine forces, and Gen. King took Wainwright’s place as Commander of the Fil-American forces in Bataan.

10. Around the latter part of March, Gen. King and his staff assessed the fighting capabilities of his forces in view of an impending major assault planned by Gen. Homma. Gen. King and his staff determined the Fil-American forces in Bataan could only fight at 30% of their efficiency, due to malnutrition, disease, a lack of ammunition and basic supplies, and fatigue. On April 3, 1942, the Japanese launched their all out final offensive to take Bataan.

11. On April 9, 1942, Gen. King surrendered his forces on Bataan, after the Japanese had broken through the Fil-American last main line of resistance.

12. The Japanese assembled their captive Fil-American soldiers in the various sectors in Bataan, but mainly at Mariveles, the southernmost tip of the Peninsula. Although American trucks were available to transport the prisoners, the Japanese decided to march the Defenders of Bataan to their destinations. This march came to be known as the “Death March.

13. The “Death March” was really a series of marches, which lasted from five to nine days. The distance a captive had to march was determined by where on the trail the captive began the march.

14. The basic trail of the “Death March” was as follows: a 55-mile march from Mariveles, Bataan, to San Fernando, Pampanga. At San Fernando, the prisoners were placed into train cars made for cargo and railed to Capas, Tarlac, a distance of around 24 miles. Dozens died standing up in the railroad cars, as the cars were so cramped that there was no room for the dead to fall. They were then marched another six miles to their final destination, Camp O’Donnell.

15. Several thousand men died on the “Death March.” Many died, because they were not in any physical condition to undertake such a march. Once on the march, they were not given any food or water. Japanese soldiers killed many of them through various means. POWs were repeatedly beaten and treated inhumanely as they marched.

16. Approximately 1,600 Americans died in the first forty days in Camp O’Donnell. Almost 20,000 Filipinos died in their first four months of captivity in the same camp. The healthier prisoners took turns burying their comrades into mass graves, just as they themselves would be buried days or weeks later.

17. Camp O’Donnell did not have the sanitation sub-structure or water supply necessary to hold such a large amount of men. Many died from diseases they had since Bataan. Many caught new diseases while at the camp. There was little medicine available to the prisoners. Their inadequate diets also contributed to the high death rate. Diseases such as dysentery, from a lack of safe drinking water, and beri-beri, from malnutrition, were common to the POWs. The Japanese soldiers continued to murder and mistreat their captives.

18. Due to the high death rate in Camp O’Donnell, the Japanese transferred all Americans to Cabanatuan, north of Camp O’Donnell, on June 6, 1942, leaving behind five hundred as caretakers and for funeral details. They in turn were sent to Cabanatuan on July 5, 1942. The Filipino prisoners were paroled beginning in July 1942.

19. Cabanatuan was the camp in which the men from Corregidor were first united with the men from Bataan. No Americans from Corregidor ever made the “Death March” or were imprisoned in Camp O’Donnell. Not having suffered the extreme deprivations and conditions endured by the men from Bataan, the prisoners from Corregidor were, overall, much healthier.

20. Cabanatuan, for most prisoners, ended up being a temporary camp. The Japanese had a policy — in direct violation of the Geneva Convention — that prisoners were to be used as a source of labor. They sent most of the prisoners from Cabanatuan to various other camps in the Philippines, China, Japan, and Korea, where they were used as slave labor in mines, farms, factories, and port areas, for the remainder of the war.

21. Left behind in Cabanatuan were approximately 511 officers and the prisoners too sick to move, most of whom never recovered and died in Cabanatuan. Towards the end of the war, most of the men who stayed behind were placed on ships and sent to other camps in Japan, Korea, and China. The Japanese did not mark these ships to indicate that there were prisoners on board. They were bombed and torpedoed by American planes and submarines. Most of these men died by drowning at sea.

22. Most prisoners who left Cabanatuan in 1942 were sent to other countries in ships appropriately called “Hell Ships.” These ships sailed from Manila to their various destinations in Japan, Korea, or China. As the Japanese did not mark these ships as prison ships, they were targets for American planes and submarines. Thousands of Americans who were passengers on these ships met their deaths by drowning at sea.

23. The conditions on these ships were indescribable and far worse than the conditions endured in the “Death March” and Camp O’Donnell.

24. For the remaining three years of their captivity, the Defenders of Bataan were spread throughout various slave labor camps in Japan, Korea, China, and the Philippines, until each camp was individually liberated in 1945. These prisoners endured the whims of their brutal captors, with similar conditions and mistreatment as those experienced in the “Death March” and Camp O’Donnell, and the uncertainty of when, if ever, their captivity would end.

25. Coming from the warm tropical climate of the Philippines, the men sent to Japan, Korea, and China had to adjust to the sub-freezing temperatures of Northern Asia, without the proper personal equipment and indoor heating to survive such cold temperatures. In Manchuria, China, the POWs who died in the winter were placed in an unheated shack for their bodies to freeze, because the ground was so frozen and hard that they could not be buried until the spring.

26. After they were released, these men were sent to various military hospitals for physical examinations. Many of their ailments due to malnutrition went undiagnosed. Many of the systemic fevers they had contracted went undiagnosed. More importantly, the psychological scars they suffered were never recognized. It was not until years after the Vietnam War that the US government recognized “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder” (PTSD) as a legitimate disorder. It is safe to say each of these men carried these scars for the rest of their lives, and indirectly, so did their families.

27. After the war, little was made of the plight of these men. Until recently, few books were written about their ordeal. There were many reasons for this: by the time the Defenders of Bataan came home, the US had already heard a multitude of war stories about the great battles in the Pacific and in Europe. The Defenders of Bataan had surrendered. Most Americans failed to recognize that the Defenders of Bataan were surrendered as a force by their Commanding General — they did not surrender as individuals.

28. After the war, Japan and the US formed an alliance to ensure their mutual economic prosperity and security. It became an unwritten policy to play down Japanese war crimes, satisfied with the meager results produced by the Tokyo and Manila War Crimes trials.

29. Unknown to most: POWs held by the Germans died at a rate of 1.1%. POWs held by the Japanese died at a rate of 37%. The death rate amongst the Defenders of Bataan was much higher, because of their weakened condition prior to their capture.

30. Germany has acknowledged their war crimes and has made restitution to the victims. Japan has denied everything. In their history books and school books, they have rewritten history in an effort to falsely show they were the victims of the war, citing the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki as proof of their victimization.